Teaching Reading Comprehension - 6449 Words

Introduction What is reading? Reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to one’s spoken language. Comprehension is the process of making sense of words, sentences and connected text. Readers typically make use of background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, experience with text and other strategies to help them understand written text. Researchs and classroom practices support the use of a balanced approach in teaching reading comprehension. Because reading comprehension depends on efficient†¦show more content†¦A person may also read for enjoyment, or to enhance knowledge of the language being read. The purpose(s) for reading guide the reader s selection of texts. The purpose for reading also determines the appropriate approach to reading comprehension. A person who needs to know whether she can afford to eat at a particular restaurant needs to comprehend the pricing information provided on the menu, but does not need to recognize the name of every appetizer listed. A person reading poetry for enjoyment needs to recognize the words the poet uses and the ways they are put together, but does not need to identify main idea and supporting details. However, a person using a scientific article to support an opinion needs to know the vocabulary that is used, understand the facts and cause-effect sequences that are presented, and recognize ideas that are presented as hypotheses and givens. Reading research shows that good readers  · Read extensively  · Integrate information in the text with existing knowledge  · Have a flexible reading style, depending on what they are reading  · Are motivated  · Rely on different skills interacting: perceptual processing, phonemic processing, recall  · Read for a purpose; reading serves a function Reading as a Process Historically, listening and reading skills have received less attention in language teaching than have the productive skills ofShow MoreRelatedTeaching Reading Comprehension And Comprehension1448 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 1960s and 1970s, reading comprehension was taught by asking students various questions after reading a passage and noting their skills as to what they understood, how they followed directions and noted details. In 1978, Dolores Durkin observed a variety of teachers teaching reading instruction in both reading and social studies classrooms. She found that these teachers spent less than 1% of their time actually teaching children how to understand texts. Unfortunately over the yearsRead MoreTeaching Strategies for Reading Comprehension1250 Words   |  5 Pages| Picture | Connections | Date _________________________ | Subject: Reading Questioning/Answering | |    Reading Comprehension As students read the story then I will ask them to draw attention to a few vocabulary words by inserting short definitions. I would also ask open-ended questions in which children must provide explanations rather than one-or two-word responses. After reading, we will discuss vocabulary words in the context of the story and in other contexts. Read MoreAnalyzing And Teaching Reading : Fluency And Comprehension902 Words   |  4 Pages8: Assessing and Teaching Reading: Fluency and Comprehension The Common Core State Standards place importance on the ability for students to understand and analyze key ideas in text. Students who have reading fluency are able to read text at a steady rate, summarize supporting details, and analyze different points of view. To assess a student’s fluency rate, teachers can measure WCPM, the words read correctly per minute in 2-3 grade-level passages. To assess reading comprehension, teachers can askRead MoreTeaching Reading Comprehension Support For Students With Adhd1828 Words   |  8 PagesADHD and Comprehension Problem Statement There is a general problem in providing effective reading comprehension support for students labeled with ADHD. Despite many programs and modifications in place for students labeled with ADHD to become as successful as their unlabeled peers, recent studies have demonstrated that students labeled with ADHD continuously fall short of their peers in many facets of reading comprehension. This problem has negatively impacted students labeled with ADHD in a multitudeRead MoreComprehension Skills, Strategies Best Practices Introduction/Overview Types of Comprehension Strategies Teaching Strategies Sample Shared Reading Lesson Sample Small-Group Reading Lesson Best Practices Library  »2803 Words   |  12 PagesComprehension Skills, Strategies amp; Best Practices * Introduction/Overview * Types of Comprehension Strategies * Teaching Strategies * Sample Shared Reading Lesson * Sample Small-Group Reading Lesson Best Practices Library *  » Comprehension Strategy Posters *  » For Your Classroom *  » Navigators | INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW This module explores comprehension strategies and their benefits. Examine descriptions of each type of comprehension strategy, instructional implicationsRead MoreTeaching Reading Comprehension And Fluency1044 Words   |  5 PagesReading comprehension and fluency are explored in chapters three and four. The authors of chapter three review what they feel to be ten essential elements of teaching reading comprehension. It only stands to reason that a child’s knowledge of the world around them greatly affects their comprehension, especially while reading expository text. However, not all students enter the classroom with the same amount of this â€Å"world knowledge†. I have had students who have summered in Europe and studentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading Comprehension Strategies And Effectiveness Of Professional Development1583 Words   |  7 Pagestwo major concerns: the effectiveness of reading comprehension strategies and the effectiveness of professional de velopment. There has been a great amount of study and writing on both topics. In addition to these subtopics, the topic of reading inventories will also be explored with regards to the Scholastic Reading Inventory and the use of these tools in evaluating comprehension in reading. Reading comprehension strategies. Throughout the history of reading education, there has been extensive researchRead MoreFluency, Vocabulary, Comprehension Focus Area1429 Words   |  6 PagesFluency, Vocabulary, Comprehension Focus Area Hugh Mackay States that â€Å"Obviously, every child should be given the best possible opportunity to acquire literacy skills.† This quote by Hugh Mackay pretty much states what this paper is about. It will elaborate why fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension are important to all learners at all levels. As well as providing assessments in the areas of fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension, which can be used to assess where learners are so that we can provideRead MoreThe Effect Of Using Narrative On Teaching Vocabulary757 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of Using Story in Teaching Vocabulary Introduction The effect of using story when teaching vocabulary incorporates as the best-approved evidence-based instructional strategy targeted at improving children ability to read and write. Vocabulary taught at kindergarten assists in improving the children ability to communicate effectively with peers and learn effectively. The strategy was developed to assist children in finding the necessary skills required for improving languageRead MoreResearch: Tim Rasinski1165 Words   |  5 PagesResearching of Reading Expert Tim Rasinski Over the years education has evolved from the one room schoolhouse to multimillion-dollar campuses, naturally educational expectations have evolved as well. The ability to read was once a sign of wealth and sophistication; now reading is an essential skill to function in every day society. Reading is used in every aspect of life, all reading research can agree on the fundamental importance of reading ability. Reading is the act of taking written information

The W. P. Swanson Confectionery Era Essay - 2149 Words

The W. P. Swanson Confectionery Era An unfortunate incident occurred toward the conclusion of the 1920s, when robbers broke into Bill, Clara, and Anton’s garage and stole their brand-new Buick automobile. While Clara lay in bed on the eventful night, she heard noise outside. Fearful of the consequences of a confrontation with the intruders, to safeguard Bill she refrained from waking him. Blissfully unaware of the burglars, Bill slept through the night and didn’t discover the theft until morning.26 An investigation revealed that after breaking into the garage, the thieves pushed the car out of the garage, the full length of the driveway onto the street, and down the street away from the scene of the crime, before starting the Buick and driving it away. The authorities never recovered the automobile.27 In 1929, Clara became pregnant at the age of thirty-five, regarded as too advanced in years to begin a family. An unexpected child this late in life, of course, created elation for the blessed arrival. However, in addition to Clara’s age, her family and personal history also caused grave concerns for the safety of both mother and baby. The death of Clara’s mother from frail health attributed to childbirth and the death of Clara’s only sibling, a brother, during his first year of life weighed heavily on Bill, Clara, and Anton.28 Furthermore, a miscarriage early in their marriage, while still farming in Peaceful Valley, exacerbated the concern.29 In an era whenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Round Oak Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesItems for sale at the confectionery, in addition to those listed in the centennial narrative, included over-the-counter medical and veterinary supplies, toiletries, greeting cards, knick-knacks, and holiday specific nove lties. Besides attending Bill’s fireworks display on Independence Day, patrons purchased rockets, firecrackers, caps, and sparklers to enliven their family or neighborhood festivities.11 Even though Bill and Clara offered an extensive variety of merchandise, the physical size ofRead MoreA Halloween Prank, By F. P. Swanson Essay2340 Words   |  10 PagesA Halloween prank, which probably occurred during the era of the W. P. Swanson Confectionery, became one of Bill’s numerous favorite stories. A manure spreader parked beside Jarchow Hall on Halloween night presented an inviting target for a resourceful band of mischief seekers. Laboring late into the night, the revelers disassembled the farm implement, hoisted the parts to the top of the two-story Jarchow Hall, and reassembled it straddling the ridge of the full pitched roof. The residents ofRead MoreThe Accident Of The 1920 S Essay2170 Words   |  9 Pagesthe death of Clara’s only sibling, a brother, du ring his first year of life weighed heavily on Bill, Clara, and Anton.28 Furthermore, a miscarriage early in their marriage, while still farming in Peaceful Valley, exacerbated the concern.29 In an era when childbirth occurred at home, the family arranged for the finest medical care to alleviate risk. Late in her pregnancy Clara went to Minneapolis under the personal charge of Dr. Undeen, living with his family until the delivery became forthcoming

Marketing and Management Multinational Coffeehouse Chain

Question: Describe about the Marketing and Management for Multinational Coffeehouse Chain. Answer: Introduction Starbucks is an American multinational coffeehouse chain, which was founded on 1971 in Seattle, Washington and stretched its operations in more than 23,768 locations globally. It is a publicly traded organization headquartered from Seattle, Washington to operate efficiency in the international business environment through its numerous subsidiaries that include Ethos Water, Tazo, and Hear Music. Coffee and beverage items are the main products of Starbucks while the product portfolio also includes baked foods, sandwiches, teas, and smoothies (Chua Banerjee, 2013). Considering such information, the product mix strategy of Starbucks principally specializes in coffee and related beverages, but in addition, company provides increasing attention to some different range of products as well. From the study of Hill, Jones, and Schilling (2014), the business expansion of Starbucks depends on other categories of products like Tazo tea and Espresso apart from coffee and beverage products. Taking such identifications into the account, this report is based on analysing the international and external environment of the chosen company to explore the whole situation surrounding the business. Situation Analysis External Analysis Industry analysis In order to analyse the industry, in which Starbucks operates, the five forces analysis indicated by Porter is applied and the implications are demonstrated in the following section: Competitive Rivalry (Strong) The competitive rivalry is high in the coffee shop industry due to the fundamental influence of the competitors on each other. Large number of firms from the competitive environment. Low brand switching cost among the customers within the industry A large variety of firms also provide influence to the rising level of competitive rivalry to a certain extent. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Strong) Individual group of customers from the identified industry have their strong bargaining power over the operating companies. Customers enjoy a low switching cost to swap from one brand to another brand. A large number of substitutes are available in the chosen market causing a high threat for the organizations. Relatively a small number of individual buyers associated with the industry are also denoted as the factor having limited influence in the particular context. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Weak) Suppliers have their highly limited influence over the identified industry thereby causing weak bargaining power. A high variety of suppliers exist in the chosen market causing them to have limited influence or control over the sector. Great sources of supplies are also available for the participatory companies The individual size of each suppliers is noted to be moderate within the industry Threat of Substitutes (Strong) Due to the large variety of substitute goods, the coffee shop industry experiences a strong threat from the substitutions. Low switching cost and offering alternative products in the low and competitive price ranges by the substitutes contribute to the strong level of threats for the associated companies. Threat of New Entrants (Moderate) The impact of new players or entrants within the specific market is considered to be moderate due to a number of factors. The cost for developing a venture within the industry is termed as moderate Cost associated with the supply chain of a business is also categorised to be moderate Business needs to incur high amount of cost for developing its business and improving the brand name Table 1: Porters Five Force Analysis regarding the Global Coffee Shop Industry (Source: Ebert Griffin, 2015) Market analysis The overall commodity chain of coffee can be adeptly categorised in different small divisions, such as producers, agents, exporters, importers, roasters, retailers, and consumers (Wu, 2013). These particular areas are fundamentally catalogued in three primary segments known as growers, roasters, and retailers. Payne and Frow (2013) have argued that the appropriate distinction between the interactions of various players associated with each segment of the market should need to be necessarily investigated for understanding the underlying economic structure of the coffee shop industry. The result of the study developed by Chernev (2014) indicates price elasticity of demand as one of the significant factors influencing the global coffee industry due to the consistently increasing demand in the international environment. The chosen factor helps to determine the roles of the consumers in the particular industry, as the buying behaviours of the consumers are extensively influenced. Apart from that, being coffee classified in the luxury category of goods, different economic situations and criteria deeply affect or hamper the growth of the global coffee market (Kotler, et al., 2015). For example, economic crisis of 2008 had greatly diminished the rate of coffee consumption to affect the entire marketplace. Competitor analysis With reference to the suggestion provided by Ling (2014), it can be stated that the speciality coffee industry has travelled a long way since 1987 regarding both the variety of products and competitive rivalry. With the help of the study, it is also acknowledged that the global progress and industrial development has inflicted Starbucks to compete against multiple organizations of different sizes and exposures unlike the early days of its operation when it used to compete with against the small-scale and local specialised coffee retailers. Considering the contemporary market environment, all the primary competitors of Starbucks are serving speciality food and beverage products, which are different from the product rages of the company in different ways (Jacobs Chase, 2013). As a result, the firm faces strong level of competitive pressure from the rival players. Caribou Coffee, which is a Minneapolis-based coffee shop classified as one of the main regional competitor of Starbucks with its similar set of approaches to create an exceptional brand presence (Liebowitz, 2013). In addition, Wilson and Gilligan (2012) indicate McDonalds as one of the primary competitors of Starbucks from the global environment due to the offering of coffee drink named as McCafe. The other categories of foods like Frappuccino also provide a significant level of competitive threats to Starbucks. Customer analysis Based on the concept obtained from the work of Pealoza, Toulouse, and Visconti (2013), no factors can beat the fragrant smell of roasted coffee irrespective of the locations of consumption. The same study also signifies that the population from the global environment are typically driven by the tastes of specialised coffees to spend increasing money annually. Based on the large variety of global customers, consumers can be segregated in four distinct categories, namely drip coffee drinkers, coffee shop lovers, speciality coffee drinkers, and whole bean buyers (Kotler, et al., 2015). The drip coffee drinkers are the consumers of coffee products on a daily basis, where they are basically students or business workers. Alternatively, coffee shop lovers are the individuals who like to spend time as the cafes or hubs with the interest on consuming speciality and regular cups of coffee. The certain customers fundamentally belong to the age group of 18 24 years. On the other hand, Qian and Xing (2016) point out speciality coffee drinkers tend to consume special cups of coffees like espressos, cappuccinos, mochas, and lattes. The study also suggests that whole bean buyers are also found in the coffee market, as these customers want to make coffee at their homes or offices. Starbucks mainly prioritises the drip coffee drinkers and coffee shop lovers throughout the global environment to expand its business (Lim, Chae Jeon, 2014). Macro Environment Environment Key Environmental Trends identified for Starbucks Political/Legal The western politicians as well as the sourcing country provide an increasing level of attention to sourcing of raw materials (Kreutzer Land, 2015). Regulatory rules and regulations like taxation policies and employment legislations of individual countries are another important political factor. Economic One of the primary economic drivers of Starbucks is the global economic recession hampering the buying behaviour of the customers. Additionally, exchange rate of local currencies, local economic environment, and taxation system of various countries influence Starbucks dramatically (Qian Xing, 2016). Socio-cultural Starbucks is forced to offer quality products according to the socio-cultural trends of different countries at the affordable or cheaper price ranges (Wilson Gilligan, 2012). Additionally, the changing family patterns of USA and Europe and customer perceptions and lifestyles have their pivotal influences over the strategy of the organization. Technological The emerging mobile wave technology is adequately introduced by Starbucks due to the collaboration with Apple (Pealoza, Toulouse Visconti, 2013). In addition, the emerging progress of biotechnology and agriculture provide advantage to the growth of the firm. Table 2: Macro environmental analysis of Starbucks (Source: Wilson Gilligan, 2012) Internal Analysis Operational analysis With the help of 4-P framework, the key operations of Starbucks can be demonstrated: Product Starbucks uses to capture market with the help of innovative product mix, which includes some of the primary category of products: Coffee Tea Pastries Smoothies Frappuccino Place Starbucks typically offers its large variety of products through multiple cafes, as the marketing mix determines the venue of offering certain products primarily include: Cafes Online Stores Retailers Starbucks App Price Advertising is the primary tool for promoting the products of Starbucks. Apart from that, promotional mix includes: Sales promotions Public relations Promotion Starbucks uses premium pricing strategy to offer its products. Pricing strategy tends to take advantage of the behavioural approaches of the customers regarding their tendency to purchase expensive products. Table 3: 4P Analysis of Starbucks (Source: Chernev, 2014) Financial analysis The key financial areas associated with the operations of Starbucks can be highlighted through the use of a table: Particulars FY 2014 FY 2015 Revenue 16448 19163 Cost of Revenue 6859 7788 Operating Income 3081 3601 Return on Invested Capital 30.79% 35.86% Total Cash Position 1708 1503 Table 4: Key Financial Areas associated with the Operations of Starbucks; figures in million USD (Source: Ling, 2014) It can be observed that Starbuck has demonstrated a better financial performance in the financial year ending 2015 than 2014. The same fact can be judged by looking at the increasing revenues, operating income, and return on investment. However, the company needs to leverage more focus on its business proceedings for enhancing the liquidity position of the business. Product analysis As dictated earlier, premium products are offered by Starbucks with the aim of approaching and attracting the premium segment of the market (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). As part of the process, they tend to position themselves in the market by continuously leveraging on innovation and delivering high quality products. Relating to the scenario, Lim, Chae, Jeon (2014), Starbucks has strategically expanded its product categories for maintaining the existing momentum satisfaction level of the customers. For example, Tazo Tea, developed by the company through integrating innovative models, is dedicated to the tea lovers of India. Additionally, the existing products offered by Starbucks include Frappuccino, strawberry cream, and different lattes (Payne Frow 2013). Moreover, the company needs to use extensive innovation for developing its future range of products according to the rapidly changing tastes of global consumers. SWOT/TOWS SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Strong financial position supporting the acquisition of leading spot in the different markets Valuable brand presence and values among the mindset of customers Largest coffeehouse in terms of size and volume It is the pioneer in the people management process Heavy dependency on its primary input, i.e. coffee beans Reducing demands regarding the coffee intake due to growing procurement practices in the recent social environment Due to the premium prices of products, a large market segment is refrained from the consumption Opportunities Threats Expansion of supplier network for ensuring diversification of inputs Expansion of business in the emerging and promising marketplaces across the world Maximising the product offering to cover the full spectrum food and beverage retailers like Burger King and McDonalds Increasing price of coffee beans is attributed cause supply chain risks regarding the price fluctuations The business is plagued by the infringements related to trademark and copyright Intense competition from the local players Table 5: SWOT Analysis of Starbucks (Source: Liebowitz, 2013) TOWS analysis Opportunities Threats Strengths SO Strategies: Setting up practical marketing team strategically Improving the management practices Generating a long-term vision and making effectual decisions ST Strategies: Developing an investment worth $40 million annually for increasing employee base Enhancing satisfaction among the customers Eradicating issues in offering fast services and added values to the customers Weaknesses WO Strategies: Providing better training to the partners for treating customers proficiently Definition of great service from the perspective customers Decreasing possible delays during the preparation of beverage WT Strategies: Providing discounts and offers to the customers Utilising the promotion strategy capably Establishing proper brand image within the customers mindset Table 6: TOWS Analysis of Starbucks (Source: Wu, 2013) Reference List Chernev, A. (2014).Strategic marketing management. Cerebellum Press. Chua, A. Y., Banerjee, S. (2013). Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks.Journal of Knowledge Management,17(2), 237-249. Ebert, R. J., Griffin, R. W. (2015).Business Essentials. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jacobs, R., Chase, R. (2013).Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Manceau, D., Hmonnet-Goujot, A. (2015).Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kreutzer, R. T., Land, K. H. (2015). Confidence: The Latest Currency in Marketing and Management. InDigital Darwinism(pp. 147-161). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Liebowitz, J. (Ed.). (2013).Big data and business analytics. CRC Press. Lim, S., Chae, H., Jeon, H. (2014). The Effect of Experience Marketing on Brand Attitude and Brand Loyalty of Beauty Salon Franchise Stores.Fashion business,18(5), 42-55. Ling, L. W. (2014). A Study on the Successful Strategies (Strategic Management and Marketing Strategies) of Starbucks Hong Kong: A Case Study. Payne, A., Frow, P. (2013).Strategic customer management: Integrating relationship marketing and CRM. Cambridge University Press. Pealoza, L., Toulouse, N., Visconti, L. M. (Eds.). (2013).Marketing management: A cultural perspective. Routledge. Qian, Y. A. N. G., Xing, T. U. (2016). Starbucks VS Chinese TeaStarbucks Brand Management Strategy Analysis in China.International Business and Management,12(1), 29-32. Wilson, R. M., Gilligan, C. (2012).Strategic marketing management. Routledge. Wu, C. L. (2013). The Research of Brand Image, Experiential Marketing, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty-Example of Starbucks Coffee.

Rose For Emily By Faulkner Essays (1016 words) - Fiction

Rose For Emily By Faulkner "A Rose for Emily" is one of William Faulkner's famous stories. The antagonist of it is Miss Emily Grierson, which was forced by her dominating and repressive father to grow up alone. She was raised to adhere to a certain standards. So, she stocked with the old south's rules. Miss Emily was raised with the belief that no man was suitable for her. And her father is the cause of her superior feeling. After her father's death, she wanted to live her life her way, but every body in the town including the authorities make her feel that her life of living is unacceptable, and that based on old south and new south traditions and beliefs. Her relation ship with the Colonel Sartoris to make her exempt from paying taxes is suspicious. But, he did not realize that once he is gone, there would be some one else to put her in the right track. Miss Emily tried to do some changes in her life when Homer showed up. But her feeling of loosing him made her start with a plan that kept him close until her death. Many analysts give attention to the story since the first time published. Petry mentioned two reasons for making "A Rose for Emily" a special. First, the disordered chronology, Second the end of the story which is definitely a shocking ending to every reader. So we can see how the narrator starts off telling that Miss Emily was dead and everyone in the town went to her funeral. Then, he went back to tell about Emily's life, which ended by killing Homer and keeping his body in the "bridal bed." (52-54) Loneliness can be a terrible thing to prey on someone's mind. Apparently no man was good enough for Emily, that why she never got married and was by self Her father gone and now she is alone, even though she still have Tobe to help her with the market and other chores. Then, the foreman Homer Barron showed up in her life. He was sent by the Construction Company to pave the sidewalks. But, his job did not finish there. He is the only one left, a northerner that would love her despite of all the southerners who were scared of her weird family. Truly, Homer can not give her what she is looking for neither did her father. The need for companionship is the basis of courting Homer Barron. When the work finished and Homer left town, Miss Emily was once again alone. And the insanity began to set in. Even though her cousins stay with her for a short while, this is not what Emily wants. When Homer came back, her chance for everlasting companionship was available. So, she killed him to secure the fact that she will always have him by her side, and she will never be alone again. Blythe think that the most provocative aspect in the story is the motive in killing Homer Barron. And he suggested that homosexuality is the reason for Emily to poison him. Homer himself said that he only like men, and whether this means he is gay as his last name would imply, or he simply is just like to be around men, he will not settle down. Emily could not stand the thought of loosing another man; she wanted to save face, her pride, and loneliness (49-50). In the other hand, Wallace mentioned in one of his articles that he denied the knowing that Homer Barron is a gay, because he is wandering how the narrator know all of the details in the story. Beside that, he did not get to write about Emily until fifty years passed, which will make every thing he says is suspect. The narrator just wants to trap us (105-107). Miss Emily is a southern lady. She was raised to adhere to certain standards by stocking to the old south's rules. She locked herself in her house and refused to see any one but her servant. She represents the past south (a fallen monument). In the story we can see how Miss Emily tried her best to keep the southern tradition, she write on "note paper of an archaic shape" in "faded ink." After her father's death, she kept him for three days maybe because he was the only symbol of the south that left for her. She told the tax collectors to go and ask Colonel Sartoris to explain why she is exempt.

buy custom Important Health Issues that Affect Women Sexual Life essay

buy custom Important Health Issues that Affect Women Sexual Life essay Significance of the Problem Many women are being exposed to various health risks during conception, pregnancy, and post-delivery period because of the lack of appropriate information. Low birth weight of babies, nutrient deficiencies, malnourishment and other issues are common when mothers conceive without due preparation. Such cases arise due to insufficient information that can help prepare for conception and pregnancy through dietary and clinical measures. There are several factors women need to know before conceiving that would help ensure a safe pregnancy and effective post-natal care. This paper discusses several aspects that can improve womens health to foster healthy sexual life as well as pre- and post-natal care. The significance of this issue is that many women are delivering unhealthy babies and getting chronic diseases from the pregnancies. Nursing professionals need to empower women to help reduce such incidences and improve maternal and neonatal health. Pre-conception care aims at reducing the chances of adverse health effects in women, their fetus, and newborns (neonates) through the enhancing a womans knowledge and optimizing health before conceiving. Since reproductive capacity of most women extends to four decades, it is advisable that women are informed to plan and space their pregnancies to enhance a good health that can be accessed by adequate participation in healthcare. Most of the pregnancies have good fetal and maternal outcomes with a few resulting in adverse health effects. Some ducation programs that can be initiated to preconceiving women should focus on consumption of iron and folic acid supplementation one month before conceiving and consuming the supplements during pregnancy (Limbo, 2004). This has been said to lower the risks of experiencing defects related to the neural tube like anencephaly and spina bifida on babies. Other programs may include the control of glucose in the body, especially those with diabetes p rior to as well as in the course of pregnancy. This reduces the chances of maternal morbidity, fetal malformation, intrauterine fetal death, spontaneous abortion, and neonatal morbidity. It is, therefore, important for women to be educated as it helps reduce the incidences of the mentioned conditions (Connor, Cheng, Strobino, 2014). How the Problem has been Addressed in Literature Statistics indicates that 30-50% of pregnancies are unplanned while in Zealand, an average of 51 girls out of 1000 at the age of 15-19 conceive every year (Michele and Paula, 2012). Many of the US women (50-60%) did not plan for their pregnancies although they were exposed to several risk factors. These figures give an indication that the majority of women are not ready to have children hence preconceiving care and knowledge should be conducted to all women. Johnson et al. (2006) indicate that 85% of all women in the US have gone through child birth at the age of 44 years while at 25 years old, nearly 50% of all women have had childbirth. This statistics indicates that women need to be educated of the risk factors before they conceive. Considering that fertility in the US is 66 live births among 1000 women, this presents a high value for conducting education before conception. Risk factors like alcoholism, smoking, and the use of certain drugs among others increase incidences of child defects and associated risks to both a mother and a baby (Dolan, Biermann, Damus, 2007). Education to women on how to plan for their pregnancy and babies is essential in preventing such occurrences. 55 % of women in the US are at risk of getting pregnant. They do not use contraception or are inconsistent in its usage, and thus can contract pregnancies and some STIs including HIV. Training and informing women on their sexual health is really important to improve their health (Michele and Paula, 2012). Successes and Challenges in Addressing the Issue This issue has been addressed by the government and health-related organizations contributing to women education before conception, during pregnancies, and after delivery. This has been made to educate them on the importance of a good health care of their fetus and neonates while reducing the chances of having poor health. The lack of information and laxity of the population has been cited as a challenge but with increased awareness programmes, most populations have been covered (Johnson, Owens, Verbiest, 2013). It is, therefore, advisable for the governments, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders to engage in educating women before they conceive. Buy custom Important Health Issues that Affect Women Sexual Life essay

CPi South Africa Essays

CPi South Africa Essays CPi South Africa Essay CPi South Africa Essay The mission of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) is the achievement and maintenance of price stability1. The price stability of goods is maintaining a constant price level for goods and services, not essentially at the same price level but rather at a constant level of price increases, i.e. a constant level of price inflation. The SARB attempts to control this price inflation through inflation targeting. Inflation targeting is the attempt to keep the level of inflation within a certain band. In South Africa this band is between 3% -6%. The SARB attempts to use the repo rate to try and affect consumer spending and control the level of spending within the economy and hence control the price inflation of goods.  CPI for all urban areas  The level of inflation is based upon the Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) level which is released by Statistics South Africa. The CPI is based on the price changes over a one year period for a basket of goods and services. This index is based on a number of factors2 which are then weighted based on the estimated total expenditure of all South African households. Stats SA performs an Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) survey to estimated the expenditure of South Africans and hence the weightings of each expenditure3. Prior to 2009 the CPI index was split between a headline CPI and a CPIX (excluding mortgage payments) however a number of changes to the weightings and basket of goods used in 2009 has brought these two in line and now the target for inflation targeting is the CPI for all urban areas.  Alternative Indices  There are a number of alternative CPIs that look at readjusting their weightings of the basket of goods and services to more accurately capture the CPI for specific sectors4 or people5. There are also indices that look at excluding factors of inflation in their calculations6, this can be done for a few reasons, it can help us differentiate between inflation that can be affected by SARB actions and inflation that cannot (i.e. external inflation caused by the price of oil increasing which the SARB has no control over). It can allow us to remove individual areas of inflation to also get a better picture of inflation less these areas. There are also indices based upon income group., this is known as the CPI per expenditure quintile, with quintile 1 being the lowest income and 5 being the highest. According to the IES survey for 2005/2006 the lower income households spent more of their income on food and non alcoholic beverages as well as clothing and footwear.  There are also differences in weightings and inflation make ups depending on the geographical location, there are indices that look at each of the nine provinces; indices that look at rural and urban and secondary urban areas. As expressed by Stats SA in there explanation of how they calculate the weightings for the CPI for all urban areas, not all South Africans consume the same goods or services, nor do they consume them in the same proportion. And later the inflation rate is based on the estimated total expenditure of all South African households It is important to understand that the figure released by Stats SA and ultimately used by SARB to target inflation, most probably will not match your own actual inflation rate. This is of particular importance for a number of reasons, such as workers looking for wage increase usually use the CPI rate announced in there wage increase negotiation discussions; investors looking for a fair rate of return will generally use the announced CPI in assessing their return. Ultimately it is important to assess whether or not the announced CPI is a good figure to use when asses future real returns on an individual level. My Own inflation Rate  If I am to look at a published index to best represent my inflation I would obviously start with the CPI for the City of Cape Town, secondly I would look at an index excluding mortgage payments which would be CPI excluding Housing. And lastly I would look at an index that would roughly cover my income range  Appendix  The CPI rate used by the reserve bank is obviously going to not match my expenditure on goods and services, so I have used the latest CPI realise from Stats SA to try and more accurately see my own CPI and then see if my interest are aligned by the SARBs current inflation targeting policy or if as an individual I would prefer them to act in other ways. There are hundreds of different aspects to each of the main inflation sectors, so it is important to note that this is just done as a quick assessment and is not particularly accurate. I have looked at the additional tables file for December 2009, which goes on to split the CPI per index by each province. So using the CPI for the Western Cape (which totals 6.6%) I attempted to more accurately weight each specified product and service according to my own expenditure. I have created a rough monthly expenditures table, divided up between each different expenditure category. I then looked at my weightings of each of these categories and multiplied it by the Actual CPI amount given. My rough CPI figure is 8.48%, although this is only a rough figure it is interesting to see where my exposure to CPI (insurance and my household maintenance and repair).  1 South African Reserve Bank, reservebank.co.za/ [accessed Feb 2010]  2 Food and non-alcoholic Beverages, Alcoholic beverages and tobacco, Clothing and footwear, Housing and utilities, Household contents and services, Health, Transport, Communication, Recreation and culture, Education, Restaurants and hotels, Miscellaneous goods, and services. 3 Consumer Price Index Key Changes in 2009, Stats SA, statssa.gov.za/cpi/documents/CPI%20booklet%20-%20final%2016%20Oct%2008.pdf [accessed Feb 2010]  4 CPI for Durable , semi durable or non durable goods; CPI for services and CPI for food and non-alcoholic beverages (NAB)  5 CPI for Pensioners  6 CPI excluding petrol, CPI excluding energy, CPI excluding food and NAB, CPI excluding housing; CPI excluding food, NAB, petrol and energy, CPI excluding equivalent rent; CPI excluding administered prices; CPI excluding petrol and paraffin

Management Portfolio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Role of Portfolio in Civil Engineering Management - Research Paper Example Some of the critical determinants essential for full-fledged functionality of Civil Engineering the cross-functional processes adding value to the civil engineering system through effective concept and value designs. Some of the important areas of focus to enumerate the aspects of civil engineering are Each of the categories plays a pivotal role to understand the aspects of civil engineering and the relationship between civil engineering and the respective categories and functions. Finally, there is a need to devise a document control process to ensure the accuracy of the information and also research on the relevance of the same in various aspects. The entire portfolio is supported with effective case studies, schematic diagrams and data tables for better understanding and application. It is important to understand the regulatory requirements in civil engineering for better functionality of the stream. These regulatory requirements are Health and Safety, Environmental and other specific regulatory like Buildings, Railways, and Highways. In order to correlate the Health, Safety and Environmental aspect of management with the civil engineering management, there are many postulated theories explaining the need for the same. The risk involved in any health and safety is the accidents. An accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled event that resulted in personal injury, property damage and/or some other loss, or could have resulted in personal injury, property damage and/or some other loss in slightly different circumstances Methodology – A questionnaire survey was conducted on construction projects to establish the extent to which clients are involved in construction H&S.